This chapter introduces galls, manna, leafy enclosures, silverfish, cornicles, termites, bombardier beetles, and pill bugs.

Galls are abnormal growths on plant tissue. They are caused by parasites such as fungus, bacteria, nematodes and insects. Here are pictures of galls.

Manna specifically refers to a type of edible excretion of aphids, but I use it (manna oil) to refer to the special excretion of a caterpillar, an excretion that ants really like

If you watched the video above, you also saw weaver ants making leafy enclosures; but other ants also nest in plants. The acacia plant uses ants as her protectors.

Silverfish, along with cockroaches and horseshoe crabs, are considered living fossils because they resemble their ancient ancestors.Here's a photo of a silverfish.

Cornicles are the tube-like structures on aphids.

Here are photo's of termites.

Here's a video about bombardier beetles.

A pill bug is a terrestrial crustacean. Unlike insects that use spiracles to breathe, the pill bug uses a gill-like organ.